The Effects of Co-Teaching Zones of Regulation on Elementary Students’ Social, Emotional, and Academic Risk Behaviors
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21467/ajss.8.1.171-192Abstract
Student misbehavior is a significant concern in the current classroom. Teachers nationwide have implemented several approaches to reduce student misbehavior, including School-wide Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports (PBIS) and co-teaching. However, since misbehaver still disrupts learning, research is still needed to find a classroom intervention that will reduce misbehavior in a classroom to prevent students from under achieving, disruption of peers’ learning and teacher burnout. Zones of Regulation focuses on self-regulation, while addressing sensory processing, executive functioning, and emotional regulation. This experimental study tested the effects of co-taught Zones of Regulation on students’ Social, Academic, and Emotional Behavior Risk Screener (SAEBRS). Fifty-six early elementary students (48% female) were assigned randomly to either the experimental group, which received co-taught direct instruction with Zones of Regulation or the control group, which received standard instruction with a morning meeting. It was predicted that the experimental group would score higher on the SAEBRS than the control group. Although results showed no statistical difference on the SAEBRS scores between the two groups, more students in the experimental group moved from “at risk” to “not at risk”. This study suggests additional research needs to be conducted to determine if co-taught Zones of Regulation instruction is an effective intervention for reducing misbehavior.
Keywords:
Zones of Regulation, SAEBRS, school-wide intervention, risk behaviorDownloads
References
Algozzine, K., Christian, C., Marr, M. B., McClanahan, T., & White, R. (2008). Demography of problem behavior in elementary schools. Exceptionality, 16, 93-104. https://doi.org/10.1080 /09362830801981369
Alter, P., Walker, J., & Landers, E. (2013). Teachers’ perceptions of students’ challenging behavior and the impact of teacher demographics. Education and Treatment of Children, 36(4), 51-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/etc.2013.0040
Arens, A.K., Morin, A. J. S., & Waterman, R. (2015). Relations between classroom disciplinary problems and student motivation: Achievement as a potential mediator? Learning and Instruction, 39, 184-193. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.learninstruc.2015.07.001
Barron, T. L., Pinter, H. H., & Winter, K. K. (2019). Supporting student and pre service teacher successes through co-teaching. Theory and Practice in Rural Education, 9(2), 65-78. https://doi.org/10.3776/tpre.2019.v9n2p65-78
Boyd, M. P., & Smyntek-Gworek, S. (2012). Morning meeting in a third grade classroom:Literacy and learning. Journal of Classroom Interaction, 47(2), 4-12. Retrieved March 18, 2019, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/43858876
Brackett, M. A., Reyes, M. R., Rivers, S. E., Elbertson, N. A., & Salovey, P. (2011). Classroom emotional climate, teacher affiliation and student conduct. Journal of Classroom Interaction, 46(1), 27-36.
Bradshaw, C. P., Mitchell, M. M., & Leaf, P. J. (2010). Examining the effects of schoolwide positive behavioral interventions and supports on student outcomes: Results from a randomized controlled effectiveness trial in elementary schools. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 12(3), 133-148. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300709334798
Brandt, R. C., Chitiyo, M., & May, M. E. (2014). Measures used in assessing outcomes of school-wide positive behavior support. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 14(4), 229-238. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-3802.2012.01260.x
Bru, E. (2009). Academic outcomes in school classes with markedly disruptive pupils. School Psychology of Education, 12, 461-479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-009-9095-1
Chitiyo, J. (2017). Challenges to the use of co-teaching by teachers. International Journal of Whole Schooling, 13(3), 55-66.
Cochran, J. L., Gibbons, M. M., Spurgeon, S., & Cochran, N. H. (2014). Challenges in educating students with highly disruptive behaviors in a large, high poverty, elementary school. The Journal of At Risk Issues, 18(2), 1-10.
Counts, J., Randall, K. N., Ryan, J. B., & Katsiyannis, A. (2018). School resource officers in public schools: A national review. Education and Treatment of Children, 41(4), 405-530.
Dalgic, G., & Bayhan, G. (2014). A meta-analysis: Student misbehaviors that affect classroom management. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 9(2), 101-116.
Department for Education (2012) Pupil Behaviour In Schools In England. (Research Report DFE-RR218). England: Education Standards Analysis and Research Division.
Ducharme, J. M. & Shecter, C. (2011). Bridging the gap between clinical and classroom intervention: Keystone approaches for students with challenging behaviors. School Psychology Review, 40(2), 257-274. https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.2011.12087716
Duncan, R. J., Schmitt, S. A., Burke, M., & McClelland, M. M. (2017). Combining a kindergarten readiness summer program with a self-regulation intervention improves school readiness. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 42, 291-300. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ecresq.2017.10.012
Fabelo, T., Thompson, M. D., Plotkin, M. P., Carmichael, D., Marchbanks, M. P., & Booth, E. A. (2011). Breaking Schools’ Rules: A Statewide Study of How School Discipline Relates to Students’ Success and Juvenile Justice Involvement. New York, NY: Council of State Governments Justice Center.
Fallon, L. M., McCarthy, S. R., & Sanetti, L. M. H. (2014). School-wide positive behavior supports (SWPBS) in the classroom: Assessing perceived challenges to consistent implementation in Connecticut schools. Education and Treatment of Children, 37(1), 1-24.
Finn, J. D., Fish, R. M., & Scott, L. A. (2008). Educational sequelae of high school misbehavior. The Journal of Educational Research, 101(5), 259-274. https://doi.org/10.3200/ JOER.101.5.259-274
Friend, M. (2008). Co-Teaching: A Simple Solution That Isn’t Simple After All. Journal of Curriculum and Instruction, 2(2), 9-19. https://doi.org/10.3776/joci.2008.v2n2p9-19
Gardner, C. (2012). Morning meeting an science-A winning combination. Science and Children, 50(1), 60-64.
Hang, Q. & Rabren, K. (2009). The examination of co-teaching: Perspectives and efficacy indicators. Remedial and Special Education 30(5), 259-268. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/0741932508321018
Harrison, J. R., Vannest, K., Davis, J., & Reynolds, C. (2012). Common problem behaviors in children and adolescents in general education classrooms in the United States. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 20(1), 55-64. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/1063426611421157
Hayling, C. C., Cook, C., Gresham, F. M., State, T., & Kern, L. (2008). An analysis of the status and stability of the behaviors of students with emotional and behavioral difficulties. Journal of Behavior Education, 17, 24-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10864-007-9059-5
Horner, R. H., Sugai, G., & Anderson, C. M. (2010). Examining the evidence base for school wide positive behavior supports. Focus on Exceptional Children, 42(8), 1-12.
House of Commons Education Committee. (2011). Behaviour and Discipline in Schools: First Report of Session 2010-11. London: The Stationary Office.
Jackson, K. M., Willis, K., Giles, L., Lastrapes, R. E., & Mooney, P. (2017). How to meaningfully incorporate co-teaching into programs for middle school students with emotional and behavioral disorders. Beyond Behavior 26(1), 11-18. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/1074295617694408
Kilgus, S. P. (2014). Social Academic, and Emotional Behavior Risk Screener (SAEBRS) Scoring Guide.
Kilgus, S. P., Eklund, K., von der Embse, N. P., Taylor, C. N., & Sims, W. A. (2016). Psychometric defensibility of social, academic and emotional behavior risk screener (SAEBRS) teacher rating scale and multiple gating procedure within elementary and middle school samples. Journal of School Psychology, 58, 21-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2016.07.001
King-Sears, M. E., Brawand, A. E., Jenkins, M. C., & Preston-Smith, S. (2014). Co-teaching perspectives from secondary science co-teachers and their students with disabilities. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 25, 651-680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10972-014-9391-2
Kuypers, L. M. (2011). The Zones of Regulation: A Curriculum Designed to Foster Self Regulation and Emotional Control. Santa Clara, CA: Think Social Publishing, Inc.
Liew, J. (2011). Effortful control, executive functions, and education: Bringing self-regulatory and social-emotional competencies to the table. Child Development Perspectives, 6(2), 105-111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00196.x
Mallett, C. A. (2016). The School to Prison Pipeline: A Comprehensive Assessment. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company, LLC.
Martinez, A., McMahon, S. D., Coker, C., & Keys, C. B. (2016). Teacher behavioral practices:Relations to student risk behaviors, learning barriers, and school climate. Psychology in the Schools, 53(8), 817-830. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21946
Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., Caspi, A. (2011). A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. PNAS 108(7), 2693-2698. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1010076108
Murawski, W. W. & Hughes, C. E. (2009). Response to intervention, collaboration, and co-teaching: A logical combination for successful systematic change. Preventing School Failure, 53(4), 267-277. https://doi.org/10.3200/PSFL.53.4.267-277
Musu-Gillette, L., Zhang, A., Wang, K., Zhang, J., Kemp, J., Diliberti, M., and Oudekerk, B.A. (2018). Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2017 (NCES 2018-036/NCJ 251413). National Center for Education Statistics. Wahsington D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, and Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice.
Ning, H. K. & Downing, K. (2015). A latent profile analysis of university students’self regulated learning strategies. Studies in Higher Education, 40(7), 1328-1346. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2014.880832
Nocera, E. J., Whitbread, K. M., & Nocera, G. P. (2014). Impact of school-wide positive behavior supports on student behavior in the middle grades. Research in Middle Level Education, 37(8), 1-14.
Ogulmus, K. & Vuran, S. (2016). Schoolwide positive behavioral interventions and support practices: Review of studies in the journal of positive behavior interventions. Education Sciences: Theory and Practice, 16(5), 1693-1710. https://doi.org/ 10.12738/estp.2016.5.0264
Perez, L. M. (2011). Teaching emotional self-awareness through inquiry-based education. Early Childhood Research and Practice. 13(2), 1-8.
Ratcliff, N. J., Jones, C. R., Costner, R. H., Savage-Davis, E., & Hunt, G. H. (2010). The elephant in the classroom: The impact of misbehavior on classroom climate. Education, 131(2), 306-314.
Raver, C. C., Jones, S. M., Li-Grining, C., Zhai, F., Bub, K., & Pressler, E. (2011). CSRP’s Impact on low-income preschoolers’ preacademic skills: Self-regulation as a mediating mechanism. Child Development, 82(1), 362-278. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01561.x
Robers, S., Kemp, J., Rathbun, A., Morgan, R. E., & Snyder, T. D. (2014) Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2013. Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, and Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice.
Romi, S. Lewis, R., & Salkovsky, M. (2015). Exclusion as a way of promoting student responsibility: Does the kind of misbehavior matter? The Journal of Educational Research, 108, 305-317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2014.886177
Soave, R. & Koteskey, T. (2017, March). Why are they putting kids in cuffs? Reason Magazine, 48(10), 46-53. Retrieved from: https://reason.com/2017/01/24/why-are-cops-putting-kids-in-c/
Spaulding, S. A., Irvin, L. K., Horner, R. H., May, S. L., Emeldi, M., Tobin, T. J., & Sugai, G. (2010). Schoolwide social-behavioral climate, student problem behavior, and related administrative decisions. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 12(2), 69-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300708329011
Strogilos, V., & Avramidis, E. (2016). Teaching experiences of students with special educational needs in co-taught and non-co-taught classes. Journal of Research in Special Education Needs, 16(1), 24-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-3802.12052
Sweigart, C. A. & Landrum, T. J. (2015). The impact of number of adults on instruction: Implications for co-teaching. Preventing School Failure, 59(1), 22-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/1045988X.2014.919139
Tyre, A. D. & Feuerborn, L. L. (2017). The minority report: The concerns of staff opposed to schoolwide positive behavior interventions and supports in their schools. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 27(2), 145-172. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/10474412.2016.1235977
Woltering, S., & Shi, Q. (2016). On the neuroscience of self-regulation in children with disruptive behavior problems: implications for education. Review of Education Research, 86(4), 1085-1110. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654316673722
Wyman, P. A., Cross, W., Brown, C. H., Yu, Q., Tu, X., & Eberly, S. (2010). Intervention to strengthen emotional self-regulation in children with emerging metnal health problems: Proximal impact on school behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(5), 707-720. doi: 10.1007/s10802-010-9398-x
Zimmerman, B. J. (1990). Self-regulated learning and academic achievement: An overview. Educational Psychologist, 25(1), 3-17. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep2501_2
Zimmerman, B. J. (2002). Becoming a self-regulated learner: An overview. Theory into Practice, 41(2), 64-70. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4102_2
Zimmerman, B. J. & Martinez-Pons, M. (1986). Development of a structured interview for assessing student use of self-regulated learning strategies. American Educational Research Journal, 23(4), 614-628. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312023004614
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Marie Conklin, Dharma Jairam

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Author(s) retains full copyright of their article and grants non-exclusive publishing right to Advanced Journal of Social Science and its publisher AIJR Publisher. Author(s) can archive pre-print, post-print, and published version/PDF to any open access, institutional repository, social media, or personal website provided that Published source must be acknowledged with citation and link to publisher version.
Click here for more information on Copyright policy
Click here for more information on Licensing policy