Investigating the Utilization of Ground Palm Kernel Shells for Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete Using Nondestructive Method

Esau Abekah Armah; Hubert Azoda Koffi; Bright J. A. Y Sogbey; Josef K. Ametefe Amuzu

doi:10.21467/jmm.6.1.1-12

Authors

Esau Abekah Armah Department of Physics, University of Ghana
Hubert Azoda Koffi Department of Physics, University of Ghana
Bright J. A. Y Sogbey National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission
Josef K. Ametefe Amuzu Department of Physics, University of Ghana

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21467/jmm.6.1.1-12

Abstract

The objective of this research is to investigate the utilization of palm kernel shells in ground form (GPK) for partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in concrete by investigating its optimal strength using nondestructive ultrasonic pulse velocity method for both cubic and cylindrical concrete test specimen. In all a total of 135 cubes and 66 cylinders of concrete were prepared. The dimension of the cubic concrete specimens was 150 × 150 × 150 mm and that of the cylindrical specimens were 110 mm and 500 mm diameter and length respectively. The mix design of the GPK shells used as a partial replacement for OPC ranged between 0% and 50% by weight of cement using mix ratio of 1:2:4 with water to cement ratio of 0.8. The concrete specimens were test at curing periods of 7 days, 28 days and 60 days for the cubes and 7 days and 28 days for the cylinders. Based on the results and the analysis done, it was generally observed in all cases that, as the mix ratio is increased, the ultrasonic pulse velocity, modulus of elasticity and the density decreased and as the curing period increased, these values increased across all the mix ratios. The ultrasonic pulse velocity and the density of the specimens shows that concretes containing GPK “fuel” shells has higher values than those containing GPK ordinary shells. Generally, the density, ultrasonic pulse velocity and the modulus of elasticity of concrete containing GPK shells decrease as the replacement percentage increase.

Keywords:

Concrete, Density, Ground Palm Kernel Shells, Modulus of elasticity, Nondestructive testing, Replacement Percentages, Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Hubert Azoda Koffi, Department of Physics, University of Ghana

References

S. Keerthinarayana and R. Srinivasan, “Study on Strength and Durability of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate Using Crushed Spent Fire Bricks,” Directory of Open Access Journals, LVI (LX) (2), pp. 51-64, 2010.

N. S. Martys, “Survey of Concrete Transport Properties and Their Measurement,” National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, 1995.

D. Johnston, “AAFA International Product Safety and Sustainability Conference,” 29 Corporate Sustainability Programme, American Efird Inc., China, April 2011.

K. O. Olowe and V. B. Adebayo, “Investigation on Palm Kernel Ash as Partial Cement Replacement in High Strength Concrete,” SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering (SSRG-IJCE), vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 45, April 2015.

O. A Fadele and O. Ata, “Compressive Strength of Concrete Containing Palm Kernel Shell Ash,” American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER), vol. 5, no. 12, pp. 32-36, 2016.

P. Premalatha, K. R. Vinodh, L. C. Anto and R. Nithiya, “Properties of Palm Ash Concrete,” International Journal of Engineering Science Invention, vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 29-32, August 2016.

C. P. Ukpaka and G. I. Okochi, “Production of Cement from Mixture of Palm Kernel and Periwinkle Shell,” Indian Journal of Engineering, vol. 15, pp. 166-179, 2018.

IAEA, “Basic Principles of Non-Destructive Testing (NDT),” Training Guidelines In Non-Destructive Testing Techniques: Manual For Visual Testing At Level 2, VIENNA, IAEA-TCS-54, ISSN 1018-5518, Austria, pp.1, 2013.

British Standards, "BS 1881: Part 127, Method of verifying the Performance of concrete cube compression Machine using the cube test," Testing Concrete, British Standards Institution, London, 1990.

ASTM C642–09, "Standard Test Method for Density, Absorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete," American Concrete Institute.

ISO 4013-1978(E), Concrete-Determination of flexural strength of test specimen, International Organization for Standardization, Switzerland, August 1978.

ASTM C597-09, "Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through Concrete", American Concrete Institute, 2009.

R. Dorf, Engineering Handbook. New York: CRC Press, 1996.

S. H. Kosmatka, B. Karkhoff and W. C. Panarese, Design and Control of Concrete Mixture, 14th ed. Portland Cement Association, Skokie Illinois, USA, 2003.

J. Newman and B. S. Choo, "Elasticity, Shrinkage, Creep And Thermal Movement," Advanced Concrete Technology-Concrete Properties, Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann, Great Britain, pp. 7/2-3, 2003.

F. A. Olutoge, H. A. Quadri, O. S. Olafusi, “Investigation of the Strength Properties of Palm Kernel Shell Ash Concrete,” ETASR - Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 315-319, 2012.

V. M. Malhotra and N. J. Carino, "The Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Method," Handbook on Nondestructive Testing of Concrete, 2nd ed. CRC Press, New York, USA, 2004.

F. S. Merritt and J. T. Ricketts, " Building Materials," Building Design And Construction Handbook, 6th ed, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., United States of America, pp. 4.23, 2001.